Clinical analysis of 31 cases of fetal umbilical artery thrombosis / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To analyze the ultrasonic manifestations, clinical features, high risk factors and key points of pregnancy management in prenatal diagnosis of umbilical artery thrombosis (UAT). Methods: The data of 31 pregnant women of UAT diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography and confirmed after birth from July 2017 to July 2022 at the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed, including the maternal characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and fetal complications. In addition, the baseline data and pregnancy outcomes were compared in 21 patients who continued pregnancy after diagnosis of UAT. Of the 21 UAT cases that continued pregnancy, 10 cases were treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; LMWH treatment group), while the other 11 patients had expectant treatment(expectant treatment group). Results: The age of the 31 pregnant women was (30.2±4.7) years, of which 5 cases (16%,5/31) were advanced age pregnant women. The gestational age at diagnosis was (32.9±4.0) weeks, and the gestational age at termination of pregnancy was (35.6±2.9) weeks. In 31 fetuses with UAT, 15 cases (48%) had fetal distress, 11 cases (35%) had fetal growth restriction, and 3 cases (10%) had intrauterine stillbirth. There were 28 cases of live births, including 26 cases by cesarean section and 2 cases by vaginal delivery. There were also 3 stillbirths, all delivered vaginally. Four neonates had mild asphyxia and two newborns had severe asphyxia. Among the 31 cases, 10 cases were terminated immediately after diagnosis, the gestational age at diagnosis was (35.9±2.9) weeks. Another 21 pregnancies continued, and their gestational age at diagnosis was (31.4±3.7) weeks. The median prolonged gestational age in LMWH treatment group was 7.9 weeks (4.6-9.4 weeks), and all were live births. The median prolonged gestational age in the expectant treatment group was 0.6 weeks (0.0-1.0 weeks), and 2 cases were stillbirths. There was a statistically significant difference in prolonged gestational age (P=0.002). Conclusions: Ultrasound is the preferred method for prenatal detection of UAT. Clinicians need to be vigilant for UAT when a newly identified single umbilical artery is detected by ultrasound in the second or third trimesters. The decision to continue or terminate the pregnancy depends on the gestational age and the condition of fetus. Attention should be paid to fetal movements as the pregnancy continues. The treatment of LMWH as soon as possible after diagnosis of UAT may improve the pregnancy outcome.

Analysis of typing conversion and perinatal outcomes in twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction of different subtypes / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of different types of selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) pregnant women under expectant management, including the natural evolution, typing conversion and perinatal outcomes. Methods: The clinical data of 153 pregnant women with sIUGR under expected treatment in Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2014 to December 2018 were collected. Maternal characteristics including maternal age, gravidity, parity, method of conception, pregnancy complication, gestational age at delivery, indication for delivery, birth weight, the rate of intrauterine and neonatal death and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Pregnant women with sIUGR were divided into three types according to end-diastolic umbilical artery flow Doppler ultrasonography, and the differences of typing conversion and perinatal outcomes of sIUGR pregnant women based on the first diagnosis were compared. Results: (1) Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes: among 153 pregnant women with sIUGR, 100 cases (65.3%) were diagnosed with type Ⅰ, 35 cases (22.9%) with type Ⅱ, and 18 cases (11.8%) with type Ⅲ. There were no significant differences in age, conception mode, pregnancy complications, first diagnosis gestational age, characteristics of umbilical cord insertion, delivery indications, fetal intrauterine mortality and neonatal mortality among three types of sIUGR pregnant women (all P>0.05). The average gestational age at delivery of type Ⅰ sIUGR was (33.5±1.9) weeks, which was significantly later than those of type Ⅱ and Ⅲ [(31.3±1.8), (31.2±1.1) weeks, P<0.001]. The percentage disordance in estimated fetal weight (EFW) of type Ⅰ sIUGR was significantly lower than those of type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ (P<0.001). The incidence rate of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, cerebral leukomalacia and respiratory complications of both fetus and necrotizing enterocolitis of large fetus in type Ⅰ were significantly lower than those in type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ (all P<0.05). (2) Typing conversion: in 100 cases of type Ⅰ sIUGR, 18 cases progressed to type Ⅱ and 10 cases progressed to type Ⅲ. Compared with 72 stable type Ⅰ sIUGR, those with progressed type Ⅰ sIUGR had higher incidence of NICU admission and lung disease in both fetuses, and cerebral leukomalacia and necrotizing enterocolitis in large fetus (all P<0.05). The proportion of inconsistent cord insertion was significantly higher in those type Ⅰ progressed to type Ⅲ (6/10) than in those with stable type Ⅰ (19.4%, 14/72) and type Ⅰ progressed to type Ⅱ sIUGR [0 (0/18), P=0.001]. Four cases of type Ⅱ sIUGR reversed to type Ⅰ and 6 cases reversed to type Ⅲ. Compared with type Ⅱ reversed to type Ⅰ sIUGR, those stable type Ⅱ and type Ⅱ reversed to type Ⅲ sIUGR had a higher incidence of NICU admission in large fetus (P<0.05). Two cases of type Ⅲ sIUGR reversed to type Ⅰ and 6 cases progressed to type Ⅱ. There were no significant differences in fetal serious complications in type Ⅲ sIUGR with or without doppler changes (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The different types of sIUGR could convert to each other. The frequency of ultrasound examinations should be increased for patients with the type Ⅰ sIUGR, especially when the percentage discordance in EFW is substantial or with discordant cord insersion.

Revisión bibliográfica: ecografía intraparto / Review: intrapartum ultrasound

The evaluation of labor is the clinical process by which variables are analyzed in order to determine whether the patient is in labor, which by definition includes regular uterine contractions that increase in frequency and intensity, associated with dilation cervical. This is done through the anamnesis and physical examination, specifically through the evaluation of contractions and vaginal examination, the latter is intended to specify the degree of dilation, cervical effacement that the patient presents and also allows to a certain degree, establish the presentation, attitude and variety of position in which the fetus is located. From this premise, it is proposed that vaginal examination, since it is operator dependent, is not an objective evaluation, therefore, there is a need to reach consensus on the evaluation, and in order to carry it out, evaluation with ultrasound is proposed, which has as a purpose to objectify the variety of position and presentation of the fetus. Due to the above, this article aims to capture the knowledge that is currently possessed about the uses and methodology that intrapartum ultrasound presents.

Doppler de arteria umbilical en fetos con síndrome de Down / Umbilical artery Doppler in fetuses with Down syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: La aneuploidía más común entre los recién nacidos vivos es el síndrome de Down (SD). En estos niños el crecimiento está disminuido, con una frecuencia del 25% de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, pero no se ha establecido el papel de la insuficiencia placentaria. El objetivo es estudiar la resistencia placentaria a través del Doppler de arteria umbilical con índice de pulsatilidad (IP) y el tiempo medio de desaceleración (t/2), y el posible efecto de la insuficiencia placentaria en fetos con SD. MÉTODO: Se realizó Doppler en la arteria umbilical en 78 fetos con SD, se midieron el IP y el t/2, y se compararon los resultados con los pesos de nacimiento. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 78 fetos con SD con 214 mediciones Doppler. El t/2 y el IP estaban alterados en el 71,5% y el 65% de las mediciones, respectivamente. La incidencia de t/2 alterado aumenta con la edad gestacional desde un 28,6% a las 15-20 semanas hasta un 89,3% sobre las 36 semanas (p < 0,01); cifras similares se observan para el IP. La clasificación de los pesos fue: 64% adecuados, 12% grandes y 24% pequeños para la edad gestacional. La última medición de t/2 antes del parto era normal en el 17% y estaba alterada en el 83%. En el caso del IP, los valores fueron normales en el 27% y anormales en el 73%. El peso de nacimiento, la edad gestacional y el porcentaje de niños adecuados para la edad gestacional eran significativamente mayores en el grupo con Doppler normal que en el grupo con Doppler alterado. El z-score del t/2 estaba marcadamente alterado (−2.23), pero el del peso de nacimiento solo estaba algo disminuido (−0,39). La mortalidad perinatal fue del 10%, significativamente mayor cuando el flujo diastólico era ausente o reverso. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio demuestra que los fetos con SD tienen una alta incidencia de alteración del Doppler umbilical para el IP y el t/2, lo cual sugiere una insuficiencia placentaria grave. Este deterioro parece iniciarse hacia el final del segundo trimestre y aumenta con la edad gestacional. Sin embargo, en estos fetos, la insuficiencia placentaria produce una ligera caída en el crecimiento fetal. Como hipótesis general pensamos que en los fetos con SD hay datos claros de insuficiencia placentaria, pero habría algún factor que les protegería de una restricción grave del crecimiento.

INTRODUCTION: The most common aneuploidy in live newborns is Down syndrome (DS), in these children growth is decreased, with a frequency of 25-36% of fetal growth restriction (FGR); however, it is not established the role of placental insufficiency. The objective is to study the Doppler of the umbilical artery with pulsatility index (PI) and half peak systolic velocity (hPSV) deceleration time and the possible role of placental insufficiency in fetuses with DS. METHOD: Doppler was performed in fetuses with DS, the umbilical artery and IP and hPSV were measured, and the results were compared with birth weights. RESULTS: 78 fetuses with DS were studied with 214 Doppler measurements. hPSV and the IP were altered in 71.5% and 65% of the measurements; the incidence of abnormal hPSV increases with gestational age from 28.6% between 15 to 20 weeks, to 89.3% over 36 weeks (p < 0.01), similar figures are observed with respect to the PI. The weight classification was: 24% of FGR, 12% of great for age and 64% of adequate for gestational age (AGA). The last measurement of hPSV before delivery was normal in 17% of the fetuses and was abnormal in 83%, in the case of PI the normal and abnormal values were 27 and 73%, respectively. Birth weight, gestational age, and the percentage of AGA children were significantly higher in the normal Doppler group than in the abnormal Doppler group. The hPSV z-score was markedly altered (−2.23), but the birth weight z-score is slightly decreased (−0.39). Perinatal mortality is 10% and is significantly higher when diastolic flow is absent or reverse. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that DS fetuses have a high incidence of abnormal umbilical Doppler measured with IP and hPSV, which suggests severe placental insufficiency, this deterioration seems to start towards the end of the second trimester and increases with gestational age. However, in these fetuses, placental insufficiency causes a discrete drop in fetal growth. As a general hypothesis, we think that there is clear evidence of placental insufficiency in fetuses with DS, but there would be some factor that would protect these fetuses from severe growth restriction.

O papel do Doppler da artéria umbilical na decisão da interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF: uma revisão de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Role of umbilical artery Doppler in the decision to deliver a pregnancy with a fetal growth restriction: a review of randomized trials

Introdução: O uso da ultrassonografia tem sido importante no âmbito da obstetrícia e a introdução da Dopplervelocimetria angariou vantagens no auxílio da avaliação da vitalidade fetal. O uso do Doppler da artéria umbilical tem apresentado melhores resultados perinatais, especialmente em fetos com RCF (restrição de crescimento fetal). A vigilância fetal em casos de RCF é indispensável na determinação do momento ideal para a interrupção da gestação, a fim de se minimizar o risco tanto de uma interrupção excessivamente prematura quanto o de um óbito fetal potencialmente evitável. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura, a fim de avaliar o melhor momento da interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF com Doppler da artéria umbilical alterado. Metodologia: Foi utilizada como fonte de pesquisa a base de dados eletrônica PubMed/Medline. Foram incluídos estudos randomizados que avaliaram especificamente o Doppler da artéria umbilical como método diagnóstico na decisão quanto ao momento da interrupção da gestação em situações de RCF. Foram localizados 89 resultados com a estratégia de busca, dentre os quais 22 foram considerados potencialmente elegíveis e revisados integralmente, e apenas 2 foram definitivamente elegíveis, ambos referentes a um único estudo. Resultados: Os dois artigos selecionados são estudos clínicos multicêntricos randomizados controlados, sendo que um revela os resultados a curto prazo, com 548 gestantes entre 24 e 36 semanas de gestação, e o outro, os resultados após 2 anos de acompanhamento, com 588 crianças que desenvolveram RCF durante a gestação. Os desfechos avaliados em ambos os estudos (óbito fetal ou neonatal e comprometimento neurológico no longo prazo) não foram significativamente diferentes entre grupos em que, após o diagnóstico de diástole umbilical comprometida, se realizou a interrupção precoce após corticoterapia versus vigilância com interrupção mais tardia, mediante piora no padrão do Doppler umbilical. Conclusão: Não é possível utilizar apenas o Doppler da artéria umbilical para indicar a interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF, devendo-se associar outros métodos para a avaliação da vitalidade fetal. Mais ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para elucidar esta questão.(AU)

Introduction: The use of ultrassonography has been an important development in the field of obstetrics, and the introduction of Doppler assessment has gathered many advantages in the evaluation of fetal well-being. Umbilical artery Doppler has demonstrated the best perinatal results, especially in fetal growth restriction (FGR). Fetal surveillance, in these scenarios, is invaluable in determining the ideal moment for delivery, avoiding both an excessively and unnecessarily premature interruption, and a preventable intrauterine fetal demise due to an inappropriately delayed delivery. Objective: To perform a review of the literature, with the objective to evaluate the best moment of interruption of gestation in fetuses with FGR and an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler. Methodology: Electronic database PubMed/ MEDLINE was used to search and locate the studies. Randomized trials which specifically studied umbilical artery Doppler as a decision-making diagnostic study among fetuses with growth restriction were considered for inclusion in this review. There were 89 results retrieved with the search strategy, among which 22 were selected as potentially eligible, and only 2 were definitely included (both from a single study). Results: Both included papers are multicentric randomized controlled trials, the first reporting short term outcomes of 548 pregnancies between 24 and 36 weeks, and the second one reporting long-term outcomes of 588 children who had FGR, after two years of follow-up. Both short term outcomes (fetal or neonatal death) and long-term outcomes (death or disability) were not significantly different when, after diagnosing compromised umbilical end diastolic flow, immediate delivery was compared with expectant management and delayed delivery after worsening of the umbilical Doppler pattern. Conclusion: It is not possible to use only umbilical artery Doppler to decide whether to deliver a FGR or not, and that other fetal assessment methods should be associated. More randomized trials are needed to definitely answer this question.(AU)

Effect of maternal exercises on biophysical fetal and maternal parameters: a transversal study / Efeito do exercício materno em parâmetros biofísicos maternofetais: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the acute effects of maternal and fetal hemodynamic responses in pregnant women submitted to fetal Doppler and an aerobic physical exercise test according to the degree of effort during the activity and the impact on the well-being. Methods Transversal study with low risk pregnant women, obtained by convenience sample with gestational age between 26 to 34 weeks. The participants carry out a progressive exercise test. Results After the exercise session, reduced resistance (p=0.02) and pulsatility indices (p=0.01) were identified in the umbilical artery; however, other Doppler parameters analyzed, in addition to cardiotocography and fetal biophysical profile did not achieve significant change. Maternal parameters obtained linear growth with activity, but it was not possible to establish a standard with the Borg scale, and oxygen saturation remained stable. Conclusion A short submaximal exercise had little effect on placental blood flow after exercise in pregnancies without complications, corroborating that healthy fetus maintains homeostasis even in situations that alter maternal hemodynamics.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos agudos de respostas hemodinâmicas maternas e fetais em gestantes submetidas a Doppler fetal e a um teste de exercício físico aeróbio, de acordo com o grau de esforço durante a atividade e o impacto sobre o bem-estar. Métodos Estudo transversal desenvolvido com gestantes de baixo risco, por amostra de conveniência com idade gestacional entre 26 e 34 semanas. As participantes realizam um teste de esforço progressivo. Resultados Na artéria umbilical, após sessão de exercício físico, identificou-se a redução do índice de resistência (p=0,02) e do índice de pulsatilidade (p=0,01), mas os demais parâmetros Doppler analisados, além da cardiotocografia e do perfil biofísico fetal, não obtiveram alteração significativa. Os parâmetros maternos obtiveram crescimento linear com a atividade, mas não foi possível estabelecer padrão com a escala de Borg, e a saturação de oxigênio se manteve estável. Conclusão O esforço submáximo curto teve pouco efeito sobre o fluxo de sangue da placenta após o exercício em gestações sem complicações, corroborando que o feto hígido mantém a homeostase mesmo em situações que alterem a hemodinâmica materna.

Intrauterine thrombosis of umbilical artery - case report / Trombose intrauterina de artéria umbilical - relato de caso

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: Umbilical cord thrombosis is related to greater fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is usually associated with umbilical cord abnormalities that lead to mechanical compression with consequent vascular ectasia. Its correct diagnosis and clinical management remains a challenge that has not yet been resolved. CASE REPORT: This study reports a case of umbilical artery thrombosis that occurred in the second half of a pregnancy. The umbilical cord was long, thin and overly twisted and the fetus presented severe intrauterine growth restriction. The clinical and histopathological findings from this case are described. CONCLUSIONS: This case report emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosing and clinically managing abnormalities of intrauterine life with a high chance of perinatal complications.

RESUMO: CONTEXTO: A trombose do cordão umbilical está relacionada com o aumento da morbimortalidade fetal e perinatal. É geralmente associada a alterações do cordão umbilical que levam à compressão mecânica com consequente ectasia vascular. Seu correto diagnóstico e manejo clínico é um desafio que não está ainda bem esclarecido. RELATO DE CASO: Neste relato se descreve caso de trombose da artéria umbilical de ocorrência na segunda metade da gravidez associada a cordão umbilical longo, fino, excessivamente retorcido, associado a feto com restrição de crescimento intrauterino grave. São descritos seus achados clínicos e histopatológicos correlacionados. CONCLUSÃO: Este relato de caso reforça a dificuldade diagnóstica e de manejo clínico em alteração da vida intrauterina com grande possibilidade de complicações perinatais.

Relação entre a contagem de eritroblastos no sangue do cordão umbilical e os resultados obstétricos e neonatais em fetos pequenos para a idade gestacional e com Doppler de artéria umbilical normal / Relation between nucleated red blood cell count in umbilical cord and the obstetric and neonatal outcomes in small for gestational age fetuses and with normal dopplervelocimetry of umbilical artery

OBJETIVO: Avaliar resultados obstétricos e neonatais em gestantes com fetos pequenos para a idade gestacional após 35 semanas segundo a contagem de eritroblastos (EB) no sangue de cordão umbilical.MÉTODOS: A contagem de EB por 100 leucócitos no sangue do cordão umbilical foi obtida de 61 gestantes com fetos pequenos para a idade gestacional e Doppler umbilical normal. Estas foram divididas em 2 grupos: EB≥10 (grupo estudo, n=18) e EB<10 (grupo controle, n=43). Resultados obstétricos e neonatais foram comparados entre os grupos. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados teste do χ2e t de Student, com nível de significância adotado de 5%.RESULTADOS: A média±desvio padrão de EB por 100 leucócitos foi de 25,0±13,5 para o grupo estudo e de 3,9±2,2 para o grupo controle. Os grupos EB≥10 e EB<10 não diferiram estatisticamente em relação à idade materna (24,0 versus 26,0 anos), primiparidade (55,8 versus 50%), comorbidades (39,5 versus 55,6%) e idade gestacional no parto (37,4 versus 37,0 semanas). O grupo EB≥10 apresentou maior taxa de cesárea (83,3 versus 48,8%, p=0,02), sofrimento fetal (60 versus 0%, p<0,001) e pH<7,20 (42,9 versus11,8%, p<0,001). O peso de nascimento e o percentil de peso para a idade gestacional foram significativamente menores no grupo EB≥10 (2.013 versus 2.309 g; p<0,001 e 3,8 versus 5,1; p=0,004; respectivamente). Não houve nenhum caso de Apgar de 5º minuto abaixo de 7.CONCLUSÃO: A contagem de EB acima de 10 por 100 leucócitos no sangue do cordão umbilical foi capaz de identificar maior risco de parto cesárea, sofrimento fetal e acidose de nascimento em fetos pequenos para a idade gestacional com dopplervelocimetria de artéria umbilical normal.

PURPOSE: To analyze the obstetrical and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with small for gestation age fetuses after 35 weeks based on umbilical cord nucleated red blood cells count (NRBC).METHODS: NRBC per 100 white blood cells were analyzed in 61 pregnancies with small for gestation age fetuses and normal Doppler findings for the umbilical artery. The pregnancies were assigned to 2 groups: NRBC≥10 (study group, n=18) and NRBC<10 (control group, n=43). Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes were compared between these groups. The χ2 test or Student's t-test was applied for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%.RESULTS: The mean±standard deviation for NRBC per 100 white blood cells was 25.0±13.5 for the study group and 3.9±2.2 for the control group. The NRBC≥10 group and NRBC<10 group were not significantly different in relation to maternal age (24.0 versus 26.0), primiparity (55.8 versus 50%), comorbidities (39.5 versus55.6%) and gestational age at birth (37.4 versus 37.0 weeks). The NRBC≥10 group showed higher rate of caesarean delivery (83.3 versus 48.8%, p=0.02), fetal distress (60 versus 0%, p<0.001) and pH<7.20 (42.9 versus11.8%, p<0.001). The birth weight and percentile of birth weight for gestational age were significantly lower on NRBC≥10 group (2,013 versus 2,309 g; p<0.001 and 3.8 versus 5.1; p=0.004; respectively). There was no case described of 5th minute Apgar score below 7.CONCLUSION: An NRBC higher than 10 per 100 white blood cells in umbilical cord was able to identify higher risk for caesarean delivery, fetal distress and acidosis on birth in small for gestational age fetuses with normal Doppler findings.

Study of Systolic/Diastolic Ratios of the Umbilical Artery Flow Velocity Waveforms in Pregnant Women.

Analysis of umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms of systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio of 58 patients, who had accurately uncomplicated pregnancies with a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery, were studied. This study includes conventional ultrasonography, color flow mapping and duplex Doppler flow. There was a significant decrease in the S/D ratio over each week of the third trimester of pregnancy. The study present the mean, range and upper limit of the data obtained in this population.

Cardiac surgery during pregnancy: Continuous fetal monitoring using umbilical artery Doppler flow velocity indices.

The fetal death rate associated with cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is as high as 9.5‑29%. We report continuous monitoring of fetal heart rate and umbilical artery flow‑velocity waveforms by transvaginal ultrasonography and their analyses in relation to events of the CPB in two cases in second trimester of pregnancy undergoing mitral valve replacement. Our findings suggest that the transition of circulation from corporeal to extracorporeal is the most important event during surgery; the associated decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at this stage potentially has deleterious effects on the fetus, which get aggravated with the use of vasopressors. We suggest careful management of CPB at this stage, which include partial controlled CPB at initiation and gradual transition to full CPB; this strategy maintains high MAP and avoids the use of vasopressors. Maternal and fetal monitoring can timely recognize the potential problems and provide window for the required treatment.

Uterine-umbilical artery doppler velocimetry and pregnancy outcome in SLE patients: relation to disease manifestations and activity

To evaluate the uterine-umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and determine its relation to pregnancy outcome and disease manifestations in SLE patients. Blood flow velocity waveforms of the umbilical and uterine arteries were studied by color Doppler ultrasound in 36 pregnant SLE patients referred from the Rheumatology Department for follow up and delivery in the Obstetrics Department. Resistance index [RI] and pulsality index [PI] were measured at the 1st week and then every 4 weeks from the 20th and 30th weeks till delivery. The mean age was 27.33 +/- 4.03 years and disease duration of 5.72 +/- 2.57 years. The nulliparity rate and history of previous abortions were higher in those with poor fetal outcome [50% and 62.5%, respectively]. Lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin were obviously higher in those with a poor outcome [25% and 37.5%, respectively] with a higher association with APS in spite of anticoagulation. The SLEDAI was higher in those with a poor fetal outcome and the difference reached significance at the 24th week gestation [12.13]. Eight [22.22%] of the patients had abnormal fetal outcome: 5 IUGR [13.89%], 1 IUFD [2.78%] and 2 [5.55%] with missed abortion. Uterine and umbilical artery Doppler abnormalities were higher in those with poor obstetric outcomes and were earlier revealed by the uterine. Uterine artery Doppler seems to be an earlier prognostic factor for adverse outcomes compared to umbilical in SLE patients at high risk, allowing antepartum intensive care and optimal timing of delivery to early confirm a good pregnancy outcome

Maternal progesterone level in fetal growth restriction and its relationship with doppler velocimetry indices

To verify whether progesterone concentration is changed in the maternal serum of intra-uterine growth retardation [IUGR] pregnancies and to assess if there is a relationship between maternal progesterone and fetal Doppler velocimetry. Thirty-five patients with intrauterine growth retardation infants and thirty-seven pregnant women with appropriate for gestational age [AGA] fetuses were enrolled in the study. Maternal progesterone serum was determined. Doppler velocimetry of umbilical and middle cerebral arteries [MCA] were obtained in all fetuses. Maternal progesterone level in IUGR infants [58.49 +/- 7.06 ng/ml] had no significant difference with AGA fetuses [58.13 +/- 7.87 ng/ml] [p=0.96]. In the IUGR group, umbilical artery resistive index [RI], pulsatility index [PI] and systolic/ diastolic [S/D] ratio were higher than the normal group [p<0.001], and MCA RI [p value=0.014] and PI [p=0.012] were significantly less than the IUGR group. Besides, RI C/U in the IUGR group was significantly less than the normal group [p<0.001]. A negative significant correlation was detected between maternal progesterone level and MCA PI [r=-0.38] and RI [r=-0.38] in the AGA group. It seems that progesterone has no effect on fetal placental circulation and serum progesterone can not discriminate IUGR infants from AGA infants. Progesterone is a poor marker for placental dysfunction

Prediction of perinatal outcomes in patient with pre-eclampsia: maternal hyperoxygenation test on fetal Doppler flow.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate if the maternal hyperoxygenation test in pregnancy with pre-eclampsia could be used for prediction of perinatal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty-four singleton pre-eclampsia pregnant women were enrolled in the present study. Positive hyperoxygenation test was defined as an increase of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or the ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index (PI), or a decrease of the uterine artery or the umbilical artery (UA) PI by at least 20%. Results of hyperoxygenation test were analyzed for the correlation with perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Fetuses with positive hyperoxygenation test of the MCA had a birth weight less than the negative group significantly. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher rate ofsmall for gestational age (SGA) neonates and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in cases with positive test of the MCA. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the correlation of positive hyperoxygenation test of the MCA and low birth weight, SGA, and NICU admission.

Intrauterine growth restriction; relationship between abnormal umbilical artery doppler and adverse apgar score

To compare fetal outcome in normal umbilical artery Doppler findings to abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings in pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Main outcome measures Umbilical artery Doppler studies apgar score at 1 minute and apgar score at 5 minutes after delivery. Cross sectional, comparative study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Military Hospital and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi From Jan 2005 to Jan2007. Patients with fetal growth restriction between 28 to 37 weeks of pregnancy were selected, in whom diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography. All patients were followed up with umbilical artery Doppler studies. The study group consisted of 48 women [group I], where the umbilical artery waveform was compromised. The outcome in these was compared with an equal number of controls, where growth restricted fetuses had normal Doppler waveforms [group II]. The mean age of patients in group I was 26.9 years and in group II was 28.6 years Fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings had higher incidence of maternal gestational hypertension and oligohydramnios. Rate of emergency cesarean section for fetal distress was also higher in this group. Growth restricted babies with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms had lower apgar scores. In babies with normal Doppler studies 91.6% had apgar score above 7 at 5 minutes after birth. In babies with raised RI 78.1%, in babies with abscent end diastolic flow 54.5% and in babies with Reversed end diastolic only 20% had apgar score above 7 at five minutes after birth. The difference was statistically significant [P=0.001]. Umbilical artery velocimetry can distinguish the group of growth restricted fetuses at risk of poor apgar. Growth restricted fetuses with normal Doppler studies are at a lower risk than those with abnormal Doppler findings in terms of poor apgar score

Umbilical Artery Doppler Study as a Predictive Marker of Perinatal Outcome in Preterm Small for Gestational Age Infants

PURPOSE: To evaluate the merit of umbilical artery Doppler study as a predictive marker of perinatal outcome in preterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 218 patients at 27 - 36 weeks of gestational age (GA) who received antenatal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and delivered singleton infants with SGA. The ratio of peak-systolic to end-diastolic blood flow velocities (S/D) in the umbilical artery was measured in each patient. The patients were divided into 3 groups: the normal group with S/D ratios of less than 95th percentile (n = 134), elevated S/D ratio group of 95th or more percentile (n = 41), and those with absent/reversed end diastolic flow (n = 43). Maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes of these groups were comparatively analyzed. RESULTS: The gestational age (GA) at the time of diagnosis of SGA, the mean GA at delivery, and the mean birth weight showed statistically significant difference among three groups (p < 0.001). Also, poor perinatal outcome was significantly increased in infants with abnormal S/D ratio (13.4% vs. 31.7% vs. 67.4%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed umbilical artery Doppler study as a significant independent factor for prediction of poor perinatal outcome (odds ratio: 3.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4 - 9.5, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Antenatal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is shown as a significantly efficient marker in predicting perinatal outcome in preterm SGA infants.

Rhombencephalosynapsis: association with single umbilical artery.

A 6-year-old girl who presented with developmental delay and non-progressive ataxia is described. MRI of brain showed agenesis of cerebellar vermis with fusion of cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nuclei. MRI findings were characteristic of rhombencephalosynapsis. Partial agenesis of corpus callosum and absent septum pellucidum were also seen. The child had also been noted to have a single umbilical artery at birth: a hitherto undescribed association.

Correlation between doppler middle cerebral artery, umbilical and pregnancy outcome in prelabour premature rupture membranes

To evaluate to role of middle cerebral and umbilical arteries Doppler in prelabour recently ruptured membranes and pregnancy outcome. One hundred twenty patients; their gestational ages were ranging between 28-37 weeks were in rolled in this study. They were divided into: Control group which included 80 patients, and study group which included 40 patients suffering from prelabour rupture membrances; they were further subdivided into two subgroups according to amniotic fluid index into: Subgroup IIa [borderline oligohydramnious] which included 20 patients and subgroup IIb [oligohydramnious] which included 60 patients. All patients were subjected to: Full present history, clinical examination, lab investigations, and ultrasonographic examinations, colour Doppler examinations of foetal middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery and pregnancy outcome. The amniotic fluid index predicted unfavorable outcome in rupture membranes with sensitivity 88%, specificity 72%, +ve predictive value 59.5% -ve predictive value 93%, Kappa=0.33% p<0.001. Pulsitility index of middle cerebral artery predicted unfavorable outcome with values [72%, 56.4%, 42.9%, 77.8%, 0.21% and 0.048 respectively]. Pulsitility index of umbilical artery predicted unfavorable pregnancy outcome with values [80%, 50.9%, 42.6%, 81.6%, 0.23, and 0.019 respectively]. If all the results of middle cerebral artery Doppler, umbilical artery Doppler and amniotic fluid index were taken in consideration the sensitivity reached 40%, specificity 75%, +ve predictive value reached 53% and -ve predictive value 73%. Based on scoring system of pregnancy outcome: There are good agreements between PI[MCA], PI[UM], Amniotic fluid index and pregnancy outcome in prelabour rupture membranes. Studying Doppler middle cerebral artery, umbilical artery and amniotic fluid index together can help in prediction of pregnancy outcome in prelabour premature rupture membranes

effects of pregnancy: induced hypertension on umbilical artery blood flow in the third trirnester

Doppler ultrasound of umbilical vessels is a method of evaluating fetoplacental blood flow which is very important in high risk pregnancies and can predict both the duration of maternal hospitalization and fetal mortality rates in IUGR. Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the most important causes of high-risk pregnancies. In this study, the rate of blood flow through umbilical artery as well as its degree of resistance were measured, using Doppler ultrasound in the patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 35 pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension in the year of 2004. All of the cases were studied during their third trimester. 61 pregnant women in their third trimester were selected as the control group. They all had normal blood pressure. Doppler ultrasound of umbilical artery was performed for both the case and the control groups. Then, Peak Systolic Velocity [PSV], End Diastolic Velocity [EDV] and mean velocity were measured, based of which Resistive Index [RI], Pulsatility Index [PI] and Systolic to Diastolic ratio [S/D ratio] were calculated. Finally the statistical analysis was performed on the obtained recorded data, using SPSS software. The results indicate a measure of 0.77 for RI; 1.39 for PT and 4.88 for S/D ratio in the case group while in the control group, such measurements were calculated as 0.64; 1.08 and 2.97, respectively. As a whole, the comparison of the mean values of the mentioned indices revealed a significant difference between the two groups [P<0.01]. The case group were significantly rated higher in terms of the above mentioned indices. In patients with pregnancy induced hypertension without having other risk factors [such as diabetes, mellitus and IUGR], Doppler ultrasound should be used for evaluating the degree of fetoplacental blood flow in order to decrease the risk of pregnancy complications

Comparison of perinatal outcome of growth-restricted fetuses with normal and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms.

AIMS: To evaluate the role of umbilical artery Doppler in growth- restricted fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational study, 70 pregnant women with growth-restricted fetuses confirmed by ultrasound, were followed up with Doppler studies of the umbilical artery. The study group consisted of 35 women, where the Doppler waveform in the umbilical artery was compromised (either absent end diastolic flow [AEDF] or reversed end diastolic flow [REDF]). These were compared with an equal number of controls, where growth- restricted fetuses had normal doppler waveforms. Outcome measures were evaluated in both groups and analyzed. RESULTS: The periods of gestation at delivery were 27.2 +/- 3.5 weeks in group 1 and 37 +/- 3.3 weeks in-group II, respectively. Perinatal morbidity and mortality was significantly increased in the group with compromised umbilical artery blood group. Birth weight in group I was 742 +/- 126 grams and in group II was 1680 +/- 259 grams. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.0001). In comparison to AEDF, REDF fetuses had more morbidities. Perinatal mortality was also significantly increased in this group (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Umbilical artery Doppler should be used in the management of growth-restricted fetuses. In those fetuses in normal Doppler, pregnancy can be prolonged. REDF is an indication for termination of pregnancy.

Efficacy of yoga in pregnant women with abnormal Doppler study of umbilical and uterine arteries.

To study the efficacy of yoga on the outcome of complicated pregnancy, 121 women attending antenatal clinic at Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Hospital (GSMH) in Bangalore, India, were enrolled between 18-20 weeks of pregnancy in a prospective, matched, observational study. Sixty-eight women were in the yoga group and 53 women in the control group. Women were matched for age, gravida and Doppler velocimetry scores of umbilical and uterine arteries. Yoga practices including physical postures, breathing and meditation were practised by the yoga group, one hour daily, from the date of entry into the study until delivery. The control group walked half an hour twice a day during the study period. Compliance in both the groups was ensured. In babies the birth-weight is significantly higher (P < 0.018) in the Yoga group (2.78 +/- 0.52 kg), compared to the control group (2.55 +/- 0.52 kg). Occurrence of complications of pregnancy (pregnancy-induced hypertension, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-term delivery) shows lower trends in yoga group.